It has also been featured in the book a long way gone. Barlow does discuss the subcontract that eo had for sandline international to train special forces in papua new guinea that blew up in both companies faces. If it is an itar international trade in arms regulation controlled item, he must get special disposition from the u. Executive outcomes was a private military company founded in south africa by. I dont know whether to phrase that relationship in the.
Sandline international was a private military company based in london, established in the early 1990s. The rise of private military companies pmcs in the mid 1990s suggests a significant threat to the states traditional control of force. Founder eeben barlow in the early 1990s originally offered courses in intelligence to south africas special forces and. Case study, armed conflicts in sierra leone, liberia and. Executive outcomes was often linked loosely with the united kingdom pmc sandline international, but in 1997 sandline directly subcontracted executive outcomes for their operation in papua new guinea to oust the rebels holding the pangua mine on bougainville island which led to the socalled sandline affair when news of. Strategy and tactics in warfare, specifically counterinsurgency, is in its infancy. The three most senior surviving leaders, issa sesay, morris kallon and augustine gbao, were convicted in february 2009 of war crimes and crimes against humanity. It brought down the government of sir julius chan, and took papua new guinea to the verge of a military revolt. In january 2001, executive outcomes sued the government in a sierra leone court. The african state and the privatisation of security from an african perspective, it has to be questioned whether peace is to be kept only at the cost of african states placing their natural resources in pawn. Americas vision for human rights, international affairs 82 2006, 576577. Executive outcomes was often loosely linked with the united kingdom private military company sandline international, but in 1997 sandline directly subcontracted executive outcomes for their operation in papua new guinea to oust the rebels holding the pangua mine on bougainville island which led to the socalled sandline affair when news of the governments intention. Sierra leones experience with three companies, gurkha security guards gsg, executive outcomes eo. Clemens and its president, dipofi, which said he was the person to whom the debt was owed.
The impact of these companies on africa has yet to be fully investigated, and their roots in africas mercenary past are often ignored or misunderstood. Mercenaries scourge of the developing world guy arnold. Jan 01, 2007 executive outcomes is the model on which all private military companies pmcs operating in iraq and afghanistan are based. Eo, when invited by the sierra leonean government, went to west africa, trained the army and local progovernment ethnic groups like the kamajors, and effectively defeated the revolutionary united front, a ragtag army causing serious. Sandline international bristles blog from the bunkrs. Sandline s director, retired lieutenant colonel tim spicer, coordinated the negotiations surrounding project contravene. As the british equivalent to eo, sandline provides the same military services. In 1998 in sierra leone sandline had a contract with ousted president kabbah and in liberia in 2003 was involved in a rebel.
The special court for sierra leone, or the special court scsl, also called the sierra leone tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of sierra leone and the united nations to prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and sierra leonean law committed in sierra leone after 30 november 1996 and during the. Full text, in adobe pdf, of a green paper issued feb. Tim spicer recounted his experiences with sandline in the book an unorthodox soldier. The latest of these foreign private military forces assisting against the rebel forces was from a company called sandline international. During the 1990s a new phenomenon has emerged in the form of the mercenary corporations such as. Executive outcomes was often loosely linked with the united kingdom private military company sandline international, but in 1997 sandline directly subcontracted executive outcomes for their operation in papua new guinea to oust the rebels holding the pangua mine on bougainville island which led to the socalled sandline affair when news of. It later developed into a political party, which existed until 2007. Strategy and tactics of war eeben barlows military and. A recent investigation into the activities of sandline international in sierra leone by the uk parliament has brought into sharper focus the. An unorthodox soldier by lieutenantcolonel tim spicer, obe synopsis tim spicer has always led an exciting and controversial life. Niccolo machiavelli, the prince, paul sonnino trans.
The book is well suited for a university class on the issue, particularly at the undergraduate level. Pdf security privatization and the new contours of africas. The sandline case in 1997 involved the government hiring a group of mercenaries named londonbased sandline international, but part of a firm called executive outcomes, to try and bring the civil war on bougainville to an end after 8 years of fighting. Bundu will no doubt be encouraged before too long to write a sequel to this book. Heidenrich has assembled a thorough guide to the myriad issues involved in preventing genocide. The links on this page are provided for reference purposes only. Sandline does not necessarily support or agree with the views expressed in the articles and documents published at these links. Pdf security privatization and the new contours of. It was involved in conflicts in papua new guinea in 1997 having a contract with the government under the then prime minister julius chan causing the sandline affair, in 1998 in sierra leone having a contract with ousted president kabbah and in liberia in 2003 in a rebel attempt to evict. The involvement of executive outcomes in angola first drew attention to this phenomenon in postcold war africa, even though it has existed in various forms throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In international relations ir too, hardly any analysis of security privatization is considered complete without reference to mercenary activities in africa, especially those of executive.
Sandline international was a private military contractor based in london, established by tim spicer after he left the uk army in 1994. Sandline international was a private military company pmc based in london, established in the early 1990s. Privatized military industry global south studies, u. The history of a norm in international relations by sarah percy pdf, epub ebook d0wnl0ad the main aim of this book is to argue that the use of private force by states has been restricted by a norm against mercenary use.
The south african company was, in tum, sub contracted by sandline to supply the mercenaries and military equipment for this operation. In 1998 in sierra leone sandline had a contract with ousted president. This is the first book devoted exclusively to the history of the great companies, an assembly of mercenaries drawn from different european countries who came together to fight in the second half of the 14th century. A key argument of the book is that africa has suffered historically from the rape of its resources by white military power, whether by colonialism or through more modern forms like the employment of. Asymmetric warfare is the face of the new generation warfare, so your insights will be much appreciated. The rise of private military companies and the legal. For example, when the operations of executive outcomes and sandline international were unearthed by the press in the 90s, numerous scholarly material was written, but with distinct themes like the efficiency of the corporations and the human rights violations carried out, as well as the legal vacuum created by exprofessional soldiers. From there, we while conference participants debated the virtues and. A number of the articles and documents are known to contain material errors of fact. According to a 2008 study by the office of the director of national intelligence, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the united states intelligence community and cost the equivalent of 49% of their personnel budgets. Concerns options for regulating private military companies mercenaries. The writing is rich and clear, and does a great job of getting a point across trying to explain what this topic is really about. The book traces the evolution of this norm, from mercenaries in medieval europe. Later, the sierra leone government produced documents from executive outcomes of mt.
Papua new guinea 1997, sandline internationals employees were to be termed special. Gsg, the south african company, executive outcomes eo had initially brought a sense of security to the conflicttorn, diamondrich. Read executive outcomes and it became my go to for effective counterinsurgency operations. The international system of conflict resolution must either be restructured.
Sandline international, but in 1997 sandline directly subcontracted executive. The sandline affair was a political scandal that became one of the defining moments in the history of papua new guinea, and particularly the conflict in bougainville. This phase is characterized by a huge dichotomy between strong supporters of pmscs and harsh critics of their activities. While the apparent collaboration between the british government and sandline international has seen the issue. In sierra leone, however, the government capitulated to international pressure to. Private security in wartorn african states jakkie cilliers1 much has been written about the modern private security industry particularly about corporate mercenaries. In order to avoid too open a south african connection, however, they later added a new organisation, sandline international, which established itself in plush offices in chelsea, which it shared with heritage oil and branch energy. This book is a project of the oxford leverhulme programme on the changing character of war. This will be followed by an account of the governments struggle to defeat the ruf and how its inability to do so led to the introduction of mercenaries, such as the gurkhas, executive outcomes, and sandline international, as well as regional and international peacekeepers such as ecomog and unamsil. Discusses angola, sierra leone, congo kinshasa, other african countries, executive outcomes, sandline international, etc. And he offers his view of the aftermath in angola and sierra leone, both of which eo was forced to leave prematurely for political reasons. The main aim of this book is to argue that the use of private force by states has been restricted by a norm against mercenary use.
As discussed by dinnen, executive outcomes is the most well. The sierra leone civil war 19912002 was a civil war in sierra leone that began on 23 march 1991 when the revolutionary united front ruf, with support from the special forces of charles taylors national patriotic front of liberia npfl, intervened in sierra leone in an attempt to overthrow the joseph momoh government. It was involved in conflicts in papua new guinea in 1997 having a contract with the government under the then prime minister julius chan causing the sandline affair, in 1998 in sierra leone having a contract with ousted president kabbah and in liberia in. The company officially owning sandline was adson holding and they were registered in the virgin islands the ceo was lt. Country study report for papua new guinea 2003 pngi portal. Sandline international had roots in the soil of executive outcomes, sharing relations with buckinghams platoon of companies in heritage oil and gas, plaza 107 and the system of companies orbiting the eo diaspora. Mccabe has also worked or works for lifeguard, another security company that is heir to the executive outcomes reputation. The resulting civil war lasted 11 years, enveloped the country. Corporate warriors tries to focus on large corporations that but picking up this book for the first time changed my perception and understanding of what real privatized military is. In international relations ir too, hardly any analysis of security privatization is considered complete without reference to mercenary activities in africa, especially those of executive outcomes eo, sandline international and the botched coup of simon mann and his planeload of private soldiers headed for equatorial guinea in 2004. Once one of britains leading battalion commanders and now head of sandline international, one of the worlds foremost private military companies, he has spent most of the last 25 years seeking action and adventure in the british army as an officer in one of its.
Comment by sandline international 14 march 2000, book entitled mercenaries an african security dilemma this comment piece is an attempt to correct the errors of fact, not perspective, as far as they are known to sandline, in mercenaries an african security dilemma, compiled and partwritten by. Revolutionary united front from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the revolutionary united front. Revolutionary united front from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the revolutionary united front ruf was a rebel army that fought a failed tenyear insurrection in sierra leone, starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. How to start a private military company profitableventure. As of april 16, 2004 sandline international has officially ceased operations. We begin with the military arms, now sandline international. Finally, the disappearance of companies like executive outcomes and sandline and the development of todays private security industry cannot be understood without the norm. Starting a private military company a complete guide. The history of a norm in international relations by sarah percy mercenaries. As discussed by dinnen, executive outcomes is the most well known of the new. Exsas soldier simon mann has extensive previous in the field of private military operations, having been involved in the setting up of companies such as south african mercenary company executive outcomes and the britishregistered sandline international most famous for its guntoting asset stripping in places like sierra leone and. It was involved in conflicts in papua new guinea in 1997 and had a contract with the government under thenprime minister julius chan, causing the sandline affair. In 1993 buckingham, mann and barlow registered executive outcomes uk.
It is no accident, then, that early pmcs like executive outcomes and sandline international emerged in this climate, aided by a legal vacuum that allowed them to sell military services as registered corporations on the basis of assumed legal status baum and mcgahan 20, 9. Private military companies hc 577 official documents. Government and or the government he is supporting, as there. Important events involving private military companies 4. In the congo crisis 19601965 they earned an especially unsavory reputation for greed, brutality and racism. The history of a norm in international relations by sarah percy bibliography. The book traces the evolution of this norm, from mercenaries in medieval europe through to private security companies in. From there, we while conference participants debated the. Medieval mercenaries download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.